Beranda  ›  When Will the Mt Mayon Erupt Again

When Will the Mt Mayon Erupt Again

Ditulis Kamis, 19 Mei 2022 Tulis Komentar Edit

Volcano in the Philippines

Mayon
  • Mayon Volcano
  • Mount Mayon
  • Bulkan Mayon (Central Bikol)
Mayon Volcano as of March 2020.jpg

Mayon in 2020
Highest point
Tiptop ii,463 m (8,081 ft)[one]
Prominence ii,447 m (8,028 ft)[1]
List
  • Philippines highest peaks
  • 28th
  • Philippines ultra peaks fifth
  • Bicol highest point
  • Active volcano
Coordinates 13°15′24″N 123°41′06″E  /  13.25667°N 123.68500°E  / thirteen.25667; 123.68500 Coordinates: xiii°15′24″Due north 123°41′06″E  /  13.25667°N 123.68500°E  / 13.25667; 123.68500
Geography

Location map of Mayon volcano

Location map of Mayon volcano

Mayon

Prove map of Luzon

Location map of Mayon volcano

Location map of Mayon volcano

Mayon

Show map of Philippines

Country Philippines
Region Bicol Region
Province Albay
Cities and
municipalities

List

  • Camalig
  • Daraga
  • Guinobatan
  • Legazpi
  • Ligao
  • Malilipot
  • Santo Domingo
  • Tabaco
Geology
Age of rock > 20,000 years[2]has
Mountain blazon Stratovolcano
Last eruption 2019
Climbing
Starting time ascent Scotsmen Paton & Stewart (1858)[3]

Mayon (Central Bikol: Bulkan Mayon; Tagalog: Bulkang Mayon, IPA: [mɐjɔn]), besides known as Mount Mayon and Mayon Volcano (Castilian: Monte Mayón, Volcán Mayón),[4] is an agile stratovolcano in the province of Albay in Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. A popular tourist spot, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" because of its symmetric conical shape, and is regarded as very sacred in Philippine mythology.[5]

The volcano with its surrounding landscape was declared a national park on July 20, 1938, the beginning in the nation. It was reclassified as a natural park and renamed the Mayon Volcano Natural Park in 2000.[6] Information technology is the centerpiece of the Albay Biosphere Reserve, declared by UNESCO in 2016,[vii] and is currently being nominated as a World Heritage Site.

Mayon is the most agile volcano in the Philippines, and its activity is regularly monitored by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) from their provincial headquarters on Ligñon Hill, about 12 kilometers (7.v mi) from the tiptop.[8]

Geography [edit]

Mayon is shared by eight cities and municipalities of Albay province.

Mayon is the main landmark and highest point of the province of Albay and the whole Bicol Region in the Philippines, rising 2,463 meters (8,081 ft) from the shores of the Albay Gulf about x kilometers (6.ii mi) abroad.[nine] [10] The volcano is geographically shared past the 8 cities and municipalities of Legazpi, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao, Tabaco, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi), which split up the cone like slices of a pie when viewing a map of their political boundaries.

Geology [edit]

Mayon is a archetype stratovolcano with a small key acme crater. The cone is considered the globe's most perfectly formed volcano for its symmetry.[10]

The concave profile, a hyperbolic sine curve of the volcano is due to the residual between erosion and eruption, defined past the angle of tranquility of ash. The steepest upper slopes of the volcano reach an boilerplate slope gradient of 75%, while the lower pes slope is only an average of three%. The volcanic crater is near 250 g in diameter. At least 85 lava flows take been identified, and consist mainly of 'A'ā augite-hypersthene-andesite, generally fed from the crater. Pyroclastic flows, characterized as a St. Vincent nuee' ardente, exit behind block and ash deposits, and breadcrust bombs in an ash and lapilli matrix. The farthest flow reached eight.5 km along Fidel Surtida, Santo Domingo. Mayon lahars were formed past rainstorms during eruptions, or past torrential pelting later. Averaging 230 grand in height and 710 m in bore, 7 cinder cones are constitute on the southern and southwestern lower slopes. Composed of olivine-augite basalt, these cones have an angle of repose of 34%, with Ligñon Hill as an example.[xi]

Like other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Mayon is a part of the Pacific Ring of Burn down. Information technology is on the southeast side of Luzon. The Bicol Arc is one of 7 oceanic trench subduction zones defining the Philippine Mobile Belt. Volcanism in the Bicol Arc is related to the westward subduction of the Philippine Plate along the Philippine Trench. The 12 agile and inactive volcanoes inside the arc include the Mayon Volcano, Mount Isarog, Mountain Iriga, Malinao Volcano, and Mount Masaraga. In general, these are calc-alkali basalts, basaltic andesites, and andesites.[11]

In August 2021, soils from Mayon take been plant containing bacterial species with antibiotic and anti-cancer backdrop.[12]

Recorded eruptions [edit]

Mayon is the most agile volcano in the Philippines, erupting over 47 times in the past 500 years.[13] Historical observations accounted its first eruption in 1616.[14] The first eruption for which an extended account exists was the six-day upshot of July 20, 1766.[15] [16]

1814 eruption [edit]

An old photograph of the Cagsawa ruins with the façade nevertheless standing. The church was largely destroyed during the 1814 eruption of Mayon. Only the bell tower exists today.

Its most destructive recorded eruption occurred on Feb one, 1814 (VEI=4).[14] [17] Lava flowed but less than the 1766 eruption. The volcano belched night ash and somewhen bombarded the boondocks of Cagsawa with tephra that cached it.[14] [17] Trees burned, and rivers were certainly damaged. Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption, with ash accumulating to 9 grand (30 ft) in depth. In Cagsawa town, about 1,200 locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history according to PHIVOLCS.[xiv] [17] The eruption is believed to have contributed to the aggregating of atmospheric ash together with the catastrophic 1815 eruption of other volcanoes similar Indonesia's Mount Tambora, leading to the Year Without a Summer in 1816.[ citation needed ]

1881–1882 eruption [edit]

From July half-dozen, 1881, until approximately August 1882, Mayon underwent a strong (VEI=3) eruption. Samuel Kneeland, a naturalist, professor and geologist, personally observed the volcanic action on Christmas 24-hour interval, 1881, virtually v months after the start of the activeness:

At the engagement of my visit, the volcano had poured out, for five months continuously, a stream of lava on the Legaspi side from the very summit. The viscid mass bubbled quietly simply grandly, and overran the border of the crater, descending several hundred feet in a glowing wave, like cherry-red-hot atomic number 26. Gradually, fading as the upper surface cooled, information technology inverse to a thousand sparkling rills among the crevices, and, as it passed beyond the line of consummate vision behind the wood most the base of operations, the fires twinkled like stars or the scintillations of a dying conflagration. More half of the mountain meridian was thus illuminated.[18]

1897 eruption [edit]

Mount Mayon erupting on July 21, 1928

Mayon's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897 (VEI=4), which rained fire for seven days. Lava once more flowed downward to civilization. Eleven kilometers (vii miles) east, the village of Bacacay was buried 15 k (49 ft) below the lava. In Santo Domingo 100 people were killed past steam and falling droppings or hot rocks. Other villages like San Roque, Sta. Misericordia and Santo Niño became deathtraps. Ash was carried in black clouds every bit far equally 160 kilometers (99 mi) from the catastrophic event, which killed more than 400 people.[10]

1984 and 1993 eruptions [edit]

The eruption on September 23, 1984

No casualties were recorded from the 1984 eruption after more than 73,000 people were evacuated from the danger zones as recommended by PHIVOLCS scientists.[19] But in 1993, pyroclastic flows killed 79[xiv] people, mainly farmers, during the eruption[20] that also forced 50,000 residents evacuated, co-ordinate to the Albay provincial authorities.[17]

1999 eruption [edit]

Mayon began its increasing activeness in May 1999, with risk status associated raised to Alert Level 1.[21] [22] On June 22, 1999, Mayon emitted an ash column that rose to approximately 10 km to a higher place the vent; the status was later raised to Alert Level ii.[17] [21] [22] The emission was recorded by the seismic network of the Philippine Establish of Volcanology and Seismology as an explosion that lasted for 10 minutes. No volcanic earthquakes nor other visible signs of abnormal action were observed before the explosion.[ citation needed ] [23]

2000 eruptions [edit]

Mayon had experienced continuous emissions since 1999 and followed past a serial of eruptions in the next two consecutive years.[17]

On January 5, 2000, a 5-km-high ash column was produced by an explosion. Growth of summit-crater dome and intensifying eruptions afterward signaled evacuations.[21]

Past emissions had led to the growth of the lava dome beginning on February 12.[22] [24] On February 23, series of eruptions began.[24] [25] PHIVOLCS so recommended evacuation even beyond the permanent danger zone.[22] On February 24, PHIVOLCS raised its status to the highest, Warning Level five, with at to the lowest degree eight towns and i city warned of possible explosions with ash and lava flows, and several thousands forced to evacuate even outside identified danger zones.[14] [22] [25] [26] The nearly violent eruptions were occurred from Feb 28 to March i, and since and so, declining activity was observed until April.[24] [25]

NDCC reported that the 2000 eruption displaced 14,114 families (68,426 persons) and damaged at least ₱89-1000000 worth of property and crops.[17]

2001 eruption [edit]

NDCC reported that another eruption in 2001 afflicted 11,529 families (56,853 persons) and damaged at least ₱48-meg worth of property and crops.[17]

2006 eruptions [edit]

Mayon's 48th modern-era eruption was on July 13, 2006, followed by tranquility effusion of lava that started on July 14, 2006.[16] [8] About 40,000 people were evacuated from the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano.[27]

After an ash explosion of September 1, 2006, a general decline in the overall activeness of Mayon was established. The decrease in central parameters such as seismicity, sulfur dioxide emission rates and ground aggrandizement all indicated a waning condition. The slowdown in the eruptive activity was likewise evident from the decrease in intensity of crater glow and the diminishing volume of lava extruded from the summit. PHILVOLCS Alert Level 4 was lowered to Level iii on September 11, 2006; to Level 2 on Oct 3, 2006; and to Level 1 on October 25, 2006.[28]

2008 eruption [edit]

On Baronial 10, 2008, a minor acme explosion ejected ash 200 meters (660 ft) to a higher place the top, which drifted east-northeast. In the weeks prior to the eruption,[16] a visible glow increased within the crater and increased seismicity.[29]

2009–2010 eruptions [edit]

On July 10, 2009, PHIVOLCS raised the condition from Warning Level 1 (low level unrest) to Alarm Level 2 (moderate unrest) because the number of recorded low frequency volcanic earthquakes rose to the aforementioned level as those prior to the 2008 phreatic explosion.[xxx] [31]

At v:32 a.m. on October 28, 2009, a minor ash explosion lasting for about 1 minute occurred in the height crater. A brown ash column rose nearly 600 meters (2,000 ft) above the crater and drifted northeast. In the prior 24 hours, 13 volcanic earthquakes were recorded. Steam emission was at moderate level, creeping downslope toward the southwest. PHIVOLCS maintained the Alert Condition at Level two, but afterward warned that with the approach of tropical cyclone international codename Mirinae, the danger of lahars and possible crater wall collapse would profoundly increase and all specified precautions should be taken.[32]

After dawn, field investigation showed ashfall had drifted southwest of the volcano. In the 24-60 minutes flow, the seismic network recorded 20 volcanic earthquakes. Alarm Status was kept at Level ii.[33]

Mayon with ash explosion at dawn on December 18, 2009

At eight pm on December 14, 2009, subsequently 83 volcanic quakes in the preceding 24 hours[34] and increased sulfur dioxide emissions, PHIVOLCS raised the Alarm condition to Level three.[35]

Early on in the morn of Dec fifteen, 2009, a moderate ash explosion occurred at the height crater and "quiet extrusion of lava" resulted in flows down to most 500 meters (one,600 ft) from the elevation.[36] By evening, Albay Province authorities evacuated about xx,000 residents out of the viii-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone and into local evacuation centres. About 50,000 people live within the eight-kilometre (5.0 mi) zone.[37] [38]

On December 17, 2009, five ash ejections occurred, with one reaching 500 meters (1,600 ft) to a higher place the summit. Sulfur dioxide emission increased to 2,758 tonnes per 24 hours, lava flows reached downward to 1,500 metres (four,900 ft) below the summit, and incandescent fragments from the lava pile continuously rolling down Bonga Gully reached a distance of 3–4 km below the summit. By midday, a total of 33,833 people from 7,103 families had been evacuated, 72 percent of the total number of people that needed to be evacuated, according to Albay Governor Joey Salceda.[39]

On December twenty, 2009, PHIVOLCS raised Mayon'southward status level to alert level four because of an increasing lava flow in the southern portion of the volcano and an increase in sulfur dioxide emission to 750 tonnes per day. Almost 460 earthquakes in the volcano were monitored. In the border of the danger zone, rumbling sounds like thunder were heard. Over 9,000 families (44,394 people) were evacuated past the Philippine government from the base of operations of the volcano.[40] No civilian was permitted within the 8 km danger zone, which was cordoned off past the Philippine armed forces who actively patrolled to enforce the "no-become" rule and to ensure no damage or loss of property of those evacuated.[41]

Mayon erupting on December 29, 2009.

Warning level 4 was maintained as the volcano remained restive through December, prompting affected residents to spend Christmas and the New year's day in evacuation centers.[42] On December 25, sulfur dioxide emissions peaked at 8,993 tons per day.[43] [44] On December 28, PHIVOLCS director Renato Solidum commented on the condition of the volcano, "You might think information technology is taking a break merely the volcano is still swelling."[41] On the next twenty-four hour period December 29, a ceremonious aviation alert for the airspace nearly the summit was included in the volcano bulletins.[45] The ejected volcanic material since the start of the eruption was estimated to take been between twenty million to 23 million cubic meters of rocks and volcanic debris, compared to l million to 60 million cubic meters in by eruptions.[46]

On January 2, 2010, PHIVOLCS lowered the alarm level of the volcano from level 4 to level 3, citing decreasing activeness observed over the prior four days.[47] The state agency noted the absenteeism of ash ejections and relative weakness of steam emissions and the gradual subtract in sulfur dioxide emissions from a maximum of 8,993 tonnes per day to 2,621 tonnes per mean solar day.[44] 7,218 families within the 7–viii km danger zones returned to their homes, while 2,728 families residing in the four–6 km danger zone remained in the evacuation centers awaiting a decision to farther lower the alert level.[48]

On January 13, 2010, PHIVOLCS reduced the Alarm Level from 3 to two due to a further reduction in the likelihood of hazardous eruption.[49]

Authorities response [edit]

Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines

Albay governor Joey Salceda declared the disaster zone an 'open city' area to encourage assistance from external groups. Potential donors of relief goods were not required to secure clearance from the Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council, and were coordinated directly with back up groups at the local government level.[50]

The restiveness of the volcano also stimulated the tourism manufacture of the province. Up to 2,400 tourists per day arrived in the area in the two weeks subsequently the volcano started erupting on December 14, filling local hotels, compared to a more pocket-size average of 200 in the days prior. Yet information technology was reported that some tourists lured by local "guides" ignored government warnings not to venture into the 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) danger zone. "Information technology'due south a large trouble. I think the first violation of the zero casualty (tape) will be a expressionless tourist," said Salceda.[51]

Speaking about thrill-seekers finding their way into the area, Salceda warned, "At the moment of the eruption, the local guides volition have better take a chance of getting out. The helpless tourist will be left backside."[51]

International response [edit]

Post-obit the announcement of warning level 3 for the volcano, the United states of america issued an advisory cautioning its nationals from traveling to Mayon. Canada and the United Kingdom also posted advisories discouraging their nationals from visiting the volcano.[52]

The United States government committed $100,000 in financial aid for the evacuees of Mayon. In cooperation with the Philippine regime the assistance was delivered through the Philippine National Red Cross and other NGOs by USAID.[53]

The Albay provincial government ordered the local military to add together more checkpoints, place roadblocks and abort tourists caught traveling inside the eight-kilometre (v.0 mi) danger zone.[54]

Ability and water supply were cut off inside the danger zone to further discourage residents from returning. The Commission on Human Rights allowed the use of emergency measures and gave the authorities clearance to forcibly evacuate residents who refused to leave.[55]

When the alert level effectually the volcano was lowered from alarm level 4 to alarm level iii on January 2, 2010, the Albay provincial government ordered a decampment of some 47,000 displaced residents from the evacuation centers.[56] Power and h2o supply in the danger zones were restored.[42] War machine vehicles were used to send the evacuees back to their homes, while food supplies and temporary employment through the Section of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) were provided to the heads of each family unit.[56] [57] As of January three, 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating Council reported the overall price of humanitarian assistance and other assistance provided by the government and non-regime organizations (NGOs) has reached over 61 million pesos since the first of the eruption.[58]

The Un Earth Nutrient Programme (UN-WFP) delivered 20 tons of high free energy biscuits to the evacuees to complement supplies provided by the DSWD, with more allocated from emergency food stocks intended for relief from the furnishings of the 2009 Pacific draft flavor.[59] When the alert level was downgraded to level 3 on January 2, 2010, United nations-WFP provided iii days worth of nutrient for evacuees returning to their homes who will continue to receive supplies already set bated for them.[47]

2013 phreatic eruption [edit]

On May 7, 2013, at viii a.k. (PST), the volcano produced a surprise phreatic eruption lasting 73 seconds. Ash, steam and stone were produced during this eruption. Ash clouds reached 500 meters in a higher place the volcano'due south summit and drifted west southwest.[threescore] The issue killed five climbers, of whom iii were German, i was a Spaniard living in Germany,[61] [62] and one was a Filipino tour guide. Seven others were reported injured.[63] [64] The bodies of the hikers were shortly located by the government.[65] All the same, due to rugged and slippery terrain, the hikers' remains were slowly transferred from Camp 2 to Camp 1, the site of the rescue operations at the foot of the volcano. Co-ordinate to Dr. Butch Rivera of Bicol Regional Training and Teaching Hospital, the hikers died due to trauma in their bodies, and suffocation.[66] Authorities were besides able to rescue a Thai national who was unable to walk due to fatigue and had suffered a broken arm and burns on the neck and dorsum.[67] Despite the eruption, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology stated that the alert level would remain at 0.[64] No volcanic convulsion activity was detected in the 24 hours prior to the eruption as no indication of further intensification of volcanic activity was observed,[68] and no evacuation was existence planned.[69]

International response [edit]

The authorities of the U.k. advised its nationals to follow the advisories given past the local authorities, and respect the 6 km permanent danger zone.[seventy] The informational was given a twenty-four hour period later on the May seven, 2013 phreatic explosion.[71]

2014 renewed activity [edit]

On August 12, 2014, a new 30m-50m high lava dome appeared in the acme crater. This event was preceded by inflations of the volcano (measured by precise leveling, tilt data, and GPS), and increases in sulfur dioxide gas emissions.[72] On September xiv, 2014, rockfall events at the southeastern rim of the crater and heightened seismic activity caused PHIVOLCS to increase the alarm level for Mayon from 2 to iii, which indicates relatively high unrest with magma at the crater, and that hazardous eruption is possible inside weeks.[73]

The rockfalls and visible incandescence of the crater from molten lava and hot volcanic gas both indicated a possible incipient breaching of the growing summit lava dome.[ commendation needed ] On September 15, 2014, NASA'southward Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) detected thermal anomalies near Mayon'south summit, consistent with magma at the surface.[74] On September sixteen, 2014, provincial governor Joey Salceda said that the government would brainstorm to "fast-track the training to evacuate 12,000 families in the 6–8 km extended danger zone", and soldiers would enforce the no-go areas.[75]

On September 18, 2014, PHIVOLCS reported 142 VT earthquake events and 251 rockfall events. White steam plumes drifted to the southward-southwest and rain clouds covered the elevation. Sulfur dioxide (And then2) emission was measured at a 757 tonnes after a peak of 2,360 tonnes on September 6. Deformation (precise leveling and tiltmeters) during the 3rd week of August 2014 recorded edifice inflation.[76]

2018 activity [edit]

Mountain Mayon erupting in the early morning of January 23, 2018.

On January 13, 2018, at four:21 pm (PST), a phreatic eruption occurred that propelled a grayish steam and ash plumage approximately 2500 meters high that drifted to the southwest side of the volcano.[77] The activity lasted approximately 1 hour and 47 minutes and traces of ash savage in Barangay Anoling, Daraga, Barangays Sua, Quirangay, Tumpa, Ilawod and Salugan of Camalig and in Barangays Tandarora, Maninila, and Travesia in Guinobatan. Sulfuric odor was noted past residents of Camalig town proper. Rumbling sounds were as well heard by residents of Brgy. Anoling, Daraga and rockfall events were intermittently recorded. Faint crater glow was get-go observed at 10:sixteen pm. The event prompted PHIVOLCS-DOST to raise the Alert Level of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 1 (aberrant) to Alert Level two- (increasing unrest for the people's safe).[78] About 40,000 residents were displaced in the resulting evacuation.[79]

On January 14, 2018, Mayon Volcano's alert status was upgraded to Alert Level 3 (increased tendency towards a hazardous eruption) after 3 phreatic eruptions and 158 rockfall events were recorded. The acme crater besides exhibited a bright glow signifying the growth of a new lava dome and the commencement of lava flows towards its slopes.[80] [81]

On January xvi, 2018, the province of Albay declared a state of calamity as lava flows reached the limits of the 6-kilometer evacuation zone.[82]

On January 22, 2018, Alert Level 4 was raised later Mayon spewed a 3-kilometer tall ash column at around 12:45 pm. Classes in all levels in private and public schools were suspended in the whole province of Albay. By evening, lava fountains were spewed from the crater with pyroclastic flows and ash plumes. Lava bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and rumbling sounds from the eruptions could be heard. The eruption blazon was classified equally a Strombolian eruption.[83]

On January 23, 2018, Mayon spewed 300 to 500-meter lava fountains and ash plumes with a four to 5-hour interval. Lava bombs and rockfalls could besides be observed and sounds from the volcano could be heard. Classes in all levels, both public and individual were notwithstanding suspended, work in some places were suspended equally well. The danger zone was expanded up to ix kilometers despite remaining at Alert Level 4 and residents from the expanded danger zone were evacuated.[84]

On Jan 24, 2018, cavalcade of ashes and lava fountains were spewed once more with an interval of 4 to 5 hours. Fire bombs and rockfalls could too be observed and sounds from the eruptions could be heard. Classes remained suspended in some places in Albay.[ citation needed ]

On January 25, 2018, column of ashes and lava fountains were spewed again. Fire bombs and rockfalls could also be observed and sounds from the eruptions could exist heard. The eruptions had an interval of 3 to 5 hours. Classes however remained suspended in some places in Albay.[ citation needed ]

Alert Level four was maintained at the volcano for the residuum of January and all throughout the month of February every bit it remained restive. On March 6, 2018, after observing a refuse in volcanic action, PHIVOLCS-DOST downgraded the alarm level back to Warning Level 3. On March 29, 2018, afterwards observing a farther decline in activity, PHIVOLCS-DOST lowered the alarm level back to Alert Level two signifying the cease of Mayon's eruptive activity and the volcano's decline to a moderate level of unrest.[ citation needed ]

On December 26, 2018, Mayon caused 2 phreatic explosions but maintains Alert Level two.[ citation needed ]

2020 crater glow [edit]

2020 Mayon Volcano Crater Glow

On the evening of Feb 4, 2020, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported to the public that the crater of Mayon Volcano started to glow up[85] which they say is magma which was still present slightly underneath the surface of the volcano. Even though this phenomenon alerted the officials and the public, the Mayon Volcano remained at an Alert Level two out of five.[86] [87] The Alert Level 2 was lowered to Alert Level 1 on July 17, 2020.[88] And on July thirty 2021, PHIVOLCS-DOST lifted the warning level status of the volcano.[89]

Deadly lahars [edit]

On November 30, 2006, strong rainfall which accompanied Typhoon Durian produced lahars from the volcanic ash and boulders of the last eruption killing at least i,266 people. The precise figure may never be known since many people were buried under the mudslides.[90] A large portion of the village of Padang (an outer suburb of Legazpi City) was covered in mud up to the houses' roofs.[91] [92] Students from Aquinas University (now University of Santo Tomas-Legazpi) in Barangay Rawis, also in Legazpi, were among those killed as mudslides engulfed their dormitory. Central Legazpi escaped the mudslide simply suffered from astringent flooding and power cuts.

Parts of the town of Daraga were also devastated, including the Cagsawa surface area, where the ruins from the eruption of 1814 were partially buried once once again. Big areas of Guinobatan, Albay were destroyed, especially Barangay Maipon.

A similar post-eruption lahar occurred in Oct 1766, months after the July eruption of that year. The heavy rainfall also accompanying a violent typhoon carried down disintegrated fragmental ejecta, burying plantations and whole villages. In 1825, the event was repeated in Cagsawa killing i,500 people.[93]

Monitoring [edit]

Three telemetric units are installed on Mayon's slopes, which send information to the 7 seismometers in unlike locations around the volcano. These instruments relay data to the Ligñon Hill observatory and the PHIVOLCS central headquarters on the University of the Philippines Diliman campus.[ citation needed ]

PHIVOLCS too deploys electronic altitude meters (EDMs), precise leveling benchmarks, and portable wing spectrometers to monitor the volcano'south daily activity.[94] [95]

Mythology [edit]

Mayon equally viewed from Sumlang Lake in Daraga in May 2020

It is said that the volcano grew from the burial grounds of lovers Magayon and Panganoron. Thus, the ancient Bicolanos named it after the legendary princess-heroine Daragang Magayon (English: Beautiful Lady). After some time, the volcano was chosen as the dwelling house of the supreme god of the Bicolano people, Gugurang, who also chose Mayon every bit the repository of the sacred fire of Ibalon.[5] Numerous festivals and rituals are associated with the volcano and its landscape.[90]

See besides [edit]

  • Cagsawa Ruins
  • List of volcanoes in the Philippines
    • Listing of agile volcanoes in the Philippines
    • List of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines
    • List of inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
  • Listing of volcanic eruptions by death toll
  • List of protected areas of the Philippines
  • Listing of Southeast Asian mountains
  • List of mountains in the Philippines
    • Listing of Ultras of the Philippines
  • Geography of the Philippines

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b de Ferranti, Jonathan; Aaron Maizlish. "Philippine Mountains – 29 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater". Retrieved January 31, 2011.
  2. ^ Mirabueno, G. H. T.; Okuno, 1000.; Nakamura, T.; Newhall, C. G.; Kobayashi, T. (2006). "AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Paleosols Intercalated with Tephra Layers from Mayon Volcano, Southern Luzon, Philippines: A Preliminary Written report". Message of the Volcanological Society of Japan. Volcanological Society of Nippon. 36 (2): 23–28. ISSN 0386-118X. ... the oldest eruptive event must have taken place shortly before xx cal kyr BP.
  3. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. xviii, 9th Ed.", pg. 749. Henry G. Allen & Company, New York.
  4. ^ Salao, Renzo (Baronial 31, 2018). "Mayon Volcano's History Has A Story To Tell". Bargain Grocer . Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Ancient Bicolano Pantheon of Deities and Creatures – Philippine Mythology". The Aswang Project. February 8, 2016. Retrieved Baronial 28, 2019.
  6. ^ "Protected Areas in Region five" Archived December 19, 2013, at the Wayback Automobile. Protected Areas and Wildlife Agency. Retrieved on October 15, 2011.
  7. ^ "Albay | United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Arrangement".
  8. ^ a b "Mayon Volcano". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  9. ^ "Mayon Volcano, Philippines". Philippines Department of Tourism. Volcano.und.edu. Archived from the original on Oct 12, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c David, Lee (2008). "Natural Disasters", pp. 416–417. Infobase Publishing.
  11. ^ a b Van Westen, Cees; Dayao, Arlene; Voskuil, Robert (1994). "Geomorphology of the Mayon Volcano and its Relation to Hazards": ane–30m.
  12. ^ "Potentially antibody bacterial species found in Mt. Mayon soils". ABS-CBN News. August iii, 2021. Retrieved Baronial 4, 2021.
  13. ^ Oliphant, Vickiie (January 16, 2018). "Mayon volcano eruption update: Will the Philippines volcano erupt? Threat level RISES". Express. Retrieved Nov xxx, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Mayon Volcano" Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  15. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (May seven, 2013). "The Mayon eruption of 1814". Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c "Mayon: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Establishment. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mayon eruption first in 5 years; terminal episode occurred in 2001". GMA News. August 7, 2006. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  18. ^ Samuel Kneeland (1888). Volcanoes and earthquakes. D. Lothrop Co. p. 116.
  19. ^ "USGS". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
  20. ^ "'Ominous repose' at Mayon volcano". BBC. August x, 2006. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  21. ^ a b c "Report on Mayon (Philippines) – January 2000". Global Volcanism Program. January 2000. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200001-273030. Retrieved Baronial half dozen, 2019.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Written report on Mayon (Philippines) – February 2000". Global Volcanism Program. February 2000. doi:ten.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200002-273030. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
  23. ^ "Report on Mayon (Philippines) — June 1999". doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199906-273030.
  24. ^ a b c "Report on Mayon (Philippines) – Apr 2000". Global Volcanism Program. Apr 2000. doi:ten.5479/si.GVP.BGVN200004-273030. Retrieved August v, 2019.
  25. ^ a b c Corpuz, Ernesto; Punongbayan, Raymundo (March 27, 2000). "The February – March 2000 Mayon Eruption". ReliefWeb . Retrieved July viii, 2019.
  26. ^ "ACT Alert Philippines – No 1/2000: Mayon Volcano Eruption Alert". ReliefWeb. February 24, 2000. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  27. ^ Tecson, Manuel (August thirteen, 2006). "Philippine volcano shows signs of imminent eruption". Reuters. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  28. ^ "Mayon Volcano Bulletin 10/25/2006". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
  29. ^ "Mayon Volcano Advisory". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Baronial ten, 2008. Retrieved Dec 24, 2009.
  30. ^ "Mayon Volcano Message". Philippine Constitute of Volcanology and Seismology (via Google cache). July 10, 2009. Retrieved Dec 31, 2009. [ permanent dead link ]
  31. ^ "Mayon in 'land of unrest,' alert level raised". ABS-CBN News. July 10, 2009. Retrieved Jan 1, 2010.
  32. ^ "Mayon spews ash anew". Volcano Monitor. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Oct 28, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  33. ^ "Mayon Volcano Advisory (November 2009)". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. November 11, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  34. ^ Papa, Alcuin (December 15, 2009). "half dozen–7 km from Mayon volcano off limits to people". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
  35. ^ "Lava flows from Mayon Volcano". ABS-CBN News. Dec 15, 2009. Retrieved Dec 24, 2009.
  36. ^ "Mayon Volcano Bulletin 3". Philippine Plant of Volcanology and Seismology. December xvi, 2009. Archived from the original on July vi, 2015. Retrieved Nov 17, 2015.
  37. ^ "20,000 Evacuated as Philippine Volcano Oozes Lava". Fox News. Associated Printing. Dec 15, 2009. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved June vii, 2013.
  38. ^ "Residents flee every bit Philippines volcano threatens to erupt". CNN World. Dec 15, 2009. Retrieved Dec 24, 2009.
  39. ^ "Volcano Monitor – PHIVOLCS warns: Mayon to blow its top in a few weeks". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Dec eighteen, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved December xviii, 2009.
  40. ^ "Volcano spews lava as eruption looms". CNN World. December 22, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  41. ^ a b "Inquirer Volcano Monitor 2009-12-27". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  42. ^ a b Papa, Alcuin & Nasol, Rey Chiliad. (Jan 1, 2010). "Mayon quieting down". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  43. ^ "Mayon Volcano Bulletin thirteen". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. December 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  44. ^ a b "Mayon Volcano Bulletin 20". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. January 2, 2010. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved Nov 17, 2015.
  45. ^ "Mayon Volcano Bulletin 16". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. December 29, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  46. ^ Flores, Helen (January 2, 2010). "Phivolcs may lower Mayon alert level". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  47. ^ a b "Philippine volcano calming; thousands head habitation". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Associated Printing. Jan ii, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  48. ^ "Warning level around Mayon lowered to 3". GMA News.TV. January two, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  49. ^ "Mayon Volcano Bulletin 31". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. January thirteen, 2010. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
  50. ^ MA Loterte (Dec 28, 2009). "PGMA visits Mayon evacuees, assures government assist". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved December thirty, 2009.
  51. ^ a b "Thrill-seeking tourists flock to Philippine volcano". Agence French republic-Presse. Dec 30, 2009. Retrieved Dec xxx, 2009.
  52. ^ "United kingdom, Canada to nationals: Stay away from Mayon Volcano". GMA News. December 19, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  53. ^ Zhang Xiang (December 30, 2009). "U.Southward. provides financial assistance to Mayon Volcano evacuees". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on June ix, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  54. ^ "Authorities want 'hardheaded' Mayon tourists arrested". GMA News. Dec 28, 2009. Retrieved Dec 30, 2009.
  55. ^ Dedace, Sophia Regine (Dec 31, 2009). "Albay govt to cut power in Mayon danger zones". GMA News . Retrieved December 31, 2009.
  56. ^ a b Recuenco, Aaron B. (January 2, 2010). "Worst is over at Mayon". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on June seven, 2011.
  57. ^ Jerusalem, Evelyn E. "Mayon evacuees avails of the greenbacks for work project". Department of Social Welfare and Development. Retrieved Jan two, 2010. [ dead link ]
  58. ^ Rabonza, Glenn J. (January 3, 2010). "NDCC Update Sitrep No. 22 re Mayon Volcano" (PDF). National Disaster Coordinating Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
  59. ^ "Un-WFP sends help for Mayon Volcano evacuees". Philippine Information Bureau. December 29, 2009. Retrieved January one, 2010.
  60. ^ "Mayon Volcano Advisory 07 May 2013 8:30 am". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. May vii, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  61. ^ "Bodies of 4 Mayon volcano hikers make it in Manila". InterAksyon.com. Archived from the original on June eighteen, 2013.
  62. ^ "Vulkanausbruch auf den Philippinen: Leichen deutscher Bergsteiger am Vulkan Mayon geborgen". stern.de.
  63. ^ "Philippine volcano Mount Mayon in deadly eruption". BBC News Asia. May seven, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  64. ^ a b Aaron B. Recuenco (May vii, 2013). "Death toll at Mayon rises to five, seven injured". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved May seven, 2013.
  65. ^ "Bodies of five missing hikers spotted in Mayon Volcano". Interaksyon. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved May viii, 2013.
  66. ^ "Rescuers unable to bring downward remains of 5 Mayon mountaineers". Philippines News Agency. Interaksyon. May nine, 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  67. ^ "Last Thai survivor rescued from Mayon". Philippines News Agency. Interaksyon. May viii, 2013. Archived from the original on May eleven, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  68. ^ "5 dead, seven hurt in Mayon Volcano ash eruption". The Philippine Star. May 7, 2013. Retrieved May seven, 2013.
  69. ^ "Mayon Volcano Erupts, Spewing Rocks And Ash And Killing five Climbers in Philippines". The Huffington Post. Associated Printing. May vi, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  70. ^ "UK urged citizens to listen warnings on Mayon". SunStar. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved May ix, 2013.
  71. ^ "UK tells nationals in PHL to follow authorities' advice on Mayon". GMA News. GMA News and Public Affairs. May 8, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
  72. ^ PHIVOLCS Mayon volcano message of Friday, xv Baronial 2014 06:49 local time. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  73. ^ PHIVOLCS Mayon volcano bulletin of Friday, 15 September 2014 14:02 local fourth dimension. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  74. ^ MODVOLC detection of MODIS band 21 thermal pixels at Mayon'southward summit. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  75. ^ Reuters news commodity. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
  76. ^ Mayon volcano bulletin of Friday, 18 August 2014 08:00 local fourth dimension. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
  77. ^ "Filipina Tingkatkan Status Gunung Mayon, Warga Dievakuasi". Okezone. January xiv, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
  78. ^ Mayon Volcano Bulletin 14 January 2018 12:30 AM. Retrieved January fourteen, 2017.
  79. ^ "Mayon volcano alert raised once again, chancy eruption believed imminent". NBC News. January 23, 2018. Retrieved Jan 24, 2018.
  80. ^ Mayon Volcano raising to Alert Level 3
  81. ^ Alert Level 3 raised over Mount Mayon
  82. ^ "Philippine province declares 'calamity' as volcano lava spreads". Reuters. January xvi, 2018.
  83. ^ "PHIVOLCS raises alert level iv over Mayon Volcano". CNN Philippines. January 22, 2018.
  84. ^ "WATCH: Mayon Volcano spews lava anew". ABS-CBN News. January 22, 2018.
  85. ^ Philippine Establish of Volcanology and Seismology [@phivolcs_dost] (February five, 2020). "MayonVolcano crater glow observed at the tiptop" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  86. ^ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (February 5, 2020). "MAYON VOLCANO Bulletin: 05 Feb 2020 08:00 A.M." Retrieved Feb i, 2021.
  87. ^ Dyan Zarzuela (February 6, 2020). "LOOK: PHIVOLCS Reports Mayon Volcano 'Crater Glow'". COSMO.PH . Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  88. ^ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (July 17, 2020). "MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN: 17 July 2020 09:30 A.K." Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  89. ^ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (July 30, 2021). "MAYON VOLCANO BULLETIN: 30 July 2021 08:00 A.G." Retrieved July 30, 2021.
  90. ^ a b England, Vaudine (Dec 14, 2009). "Mount Mayon: a tale of love and destruction". BBC News . Retrieved Dec 25, 2009.
  91. ^ "Typhoon sends red-hot boulders into villages" – CNN.com (archived from the original on January 25, 2008).
  92. ^ "Yahoo! News". Retrieved June 25, 2008. [ dead link ]
  93. ^ Maso, Saderra (1902). "Seismic and Volcanic Centers of the Philippine Archipelago", pp. 13–xiv. Agency of Public Printing, Manila.
  94. ^ Nasol, Rey M. (December 27, 2009). "Mayon instruments intact despite eruption". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on Dec 27, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  95. ^ Dedace, Sophia R. (December 30, 2009). "Mayon sentry: An within await at the Phivolcs headquarters". GMA News . Retrieved December 30, 2009.

External links [edit]

  • Climbing Mayon Volcano
  • Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Mayon Volcano Folio
  • Mayon Volcano Observatory
  • Majestic Mt. Mayon – Cagsawa Ruin Park – images past Jenny Exconde.
  • NASA World Observatory page
  • "Mayon". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  • Smithsonian Institution page on Mayon
  • Mocha Uson apologizes for Mayon location mistake

hopperhaile1990.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayon

Belum ada Komentar untuk "When Will the Mt Mayon Erupt Again"

Posting Komentar

Langganan: Posting Komentar (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel